Papers Nutrient (Protein) kwashiorkor.

Papers Nutrient (Protein)

kwashiorkor.

INTRODUCTION
A. BACKGROUND.Is still quite vulnerable to nutritional problems in some parts of Indonesia, especially in urban slum areas, which often hit the dry season (NTB and NTT). Where conditions are a lot of people who are malnourished, many children are affected by malnutrition. Malnutrition / malnutrition often occurs due to an unbalanced diet, especially in terms of protein.Protein is essential to help the growth of children, and increase their endurance. And also the excess protein will also cause diseases such as obesity. So can cause diseases such as kwashiorkor, marasmus, and obesity.Therefore, in addition to fulfilling duties in the course "fundamentals of the science of nutrition", the author picked up the title of the protein, because protein is the most important substances that must exist in the human body. But masuh many cases also protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). Here the authors are interested to explore more of the protein.
2. Purposea. General purpose.That students and readers understand the importance of protein for our body.b. Special Purpose. To put the problem of protein Describe the content and function of protein for humans Inform the student source of protein Explain the result and the lack of protein Etc.
CHAPTER IITHEORETICAL REVIEW
A. UnderstandingThe term comes from the Greek protein proteos, which means the primary or precedence. This word is in my perkenal by the Dutch chemist, Gerardus Mulder (1802-1880). He argues that the protein is the most important substance in any organism.Protein is part of all living cells and is the largest part of the body after water. One fifth of the body is present in muscle protein separohnya, fifth in the bone and cartilage, and the rest kilit spersepuluh in the other tissues and body fluids. All enzymes, hormones pengengkut various nutrients and blood. Besides amino acids that make up the protein acts as a precursor, most coenzymes, hormones, nucleic acids, and molecular-molekuk essential for life.The protein has a unique function that can not be replaced by other chemicals, which build and maintain cells and tissues.
2. Protein Classification.Proteins present in the form of fibers (fibrous), globular, and kunjngsi.a. Porotein in the form of fibers.Consisting of several spiral peptide chains and interwoven with one another, making it resemble a rigid batany.Characteristics:- Low power of dissolution.- Mempnayi high mechanical strength.- Resistant to digestive enzymes.Examples of protein fibers:Collagen, elastin, keratin, myosin.
b. Globular proteins.Characteristics:- Form a ball.- Soluble in dilute acids and salt solutions.- Easily change the effect of temperature.- The concentration of salt prone to denaturation.Example:Albumin, globumin, histones, protamin.
c. Protein conjunctions.Is a simple protein that bound to the material non-amino acid (prosthetic group).Example:Nucleoprotein, lipoprotein, fosfoprotein, metaloprotein.
The types of protein:a. Based on Components.A. Protein Homely.An acid mixture consisting of Mino.2. Protein Complex.Besides consisting of amino acids are also contained other components (metals, phosphate groups, etc.).3. Protein.Is the bond between the intermediate products as a result of partial hydrolysis of the native protein.
b. Based on the source.A. Animal Protein.Derived from animals, eg meat, milk, etc..2. Vegetable Protein.Derived from plants, eg maize.
Classification of proteins can also be done by fisiologiknya function, associated with the dukunagn for body and for the maintenance prtumbuhan jeringan:a. Protein perfect.b. Protein half-perfect.c. Protein is not perfect.
3. Chemical composition of the protein.Proteins are macro molecules having a molecular weight of between five thousand to several million. Proteins consist of long chains of amino acids, which are bonded to each other in a peptide bond. More complex protein molecules of the carbohydrates and fats in terms of molecular weight and kanekaragaman amino acid units that formed it.Amino acids consist of carbon atoms bonded to one carboxyl group (-COOH), an amino group (-NH2), a hydrogen atom (-H) and a radical group (-R) or branched chain, as shown in the following figure:
In general, amino acid protein isolated from hididroksilat alpha-amino acids, ie amino guguskarboksil and bound to the same carbon atom. What distinguishes one another amino acid is a branched chain or its group-R.
4. Function, order, and Source of Protein.Here we can see the function of proteins, among others, as follows:a. For growth and maintenance.b. For the formation of the essential bonds of the body.c. To regulate water balance in the body.d. To maintain the neutrality of the body.e. For the formation of antibodies.f. To remove nutrients.g. As an energy source.Therefore, the protein is important in the human body, because man is not enough protein Bial, then they will be suffering from malnutrition.
Protein to the human body:Protein is very instrumental to the growth manusia.penting found in all living things. So in the absence of the protein can not be formed living cells. In order to outline the human protein is as follows:a. To build a network of cells of an infant born weighing 3 kg.b. To replace the body's cells are worn or damaged.c. To make milk, enzymes and hormones given mother's milk is made from mother's diet kepadabayinya itself.d. Make a blood protein, to maintain blood pressure osmose.e. To maintain body fluid balance basadari acid.f. As the giver of calories.
Source of protein.Source of protein for humans there are 2, namely:a. Source of animal protein.Animal foods are good sources of protein, the quantity and quality such as eggs, milk, meat, poultry, fish, and shellfish.b. Source of vegetable protein.Food sources such as: peanuts, soybeans, and the results are like tempeh, tofu, and other nuts.
5. Protein for Human Needs.The need for a human protein can be determined by calculating the amount of protein that was replaced in the body. This can be done by counting the number of elements nitrogn (limp substances) present in protein foods and also calculate the amount of elemental nitrogen is released by the body through urine and feces.The use of protein can be influenced by many factors, so in practice jumlahprotein it can not meet demand. Why, among others:- 18.75 grams protein levels in the body that will cause a chemical reaction that can not be progressing well.- Digestibility protein itself. Not all foods that contain protein fibers can be taken of the body. Because of these fibers, enzymes can not get to break down proteins.
Based on the above considerations, it is determined that the protein requirement for an adult is 1 gram for every kilogram of body weight every day. For children who are growing, need more protein, which is 3 grams per kilogram of body weight.In addition, given the existence of perfect and imperfect protein based on the number and kinds of amino acids in foods, to ensure that your body really get the amine acid in sufficient quantity and variety, preferably to an adult one-fifth of the proteins needed must be derived from animal protein, while for children-third of the total-protein they need.
Table: Number of protein adequacy by age group.NO age group (years) AKP (the PST) g / kgweightMale Female1 0 to 0.5 1.86(85% of breast milk) 1.86(85% of ASI)2 0.5 to 2.0 1.39(80% of breast milk) 1.39(80% of ASI)3 4-5 1.08 1.084 5-10 1.00 1.005 10-18 1.96 0.906 18-60 0.75 0.757 60 + 0.75 0.75Pregnant women 8 + 12 g / day9 mother breastfeeding the first 6 months. + 16 g / day10 Breast-feeding mothers the second 6 months + 12 g / day11 Breastfeeding mothers second year + 11 g / daySources: FAO / WHO / UNU, 1985PST: Worth Egg Protein.
CHAPTER IIIDISCUSSION
A. Protein Deficiency and Excess.a. As a result of protein deficiency.Lack of protein found in many low socioeconomic communities. Pure protein deficiency on the stage of causing severe kwashiorkor in children under five years old (toddlers). Protein deficiency is often found in conjunction with lack of energy that causes a condition called Marasmus.A. Kwashiorkor.The term was first introduced by Dr kwashiorkor. Cecily Williams in 1933, when he found the situation in Ghana, Africa. Kwashiorkor in Ghana where the disease is obtained by means of first child, when the second child was born ditungu.Kwashiorkor rely more widely available in two to three years of age are common in children who terlambatmenyapih, so that the nutritional composition of food is not balanced, especially in terms of protein. Kwashiorkor can terjadipada enough energy consumption or more.Symptoms:- Stunted growth.- The muscles is reduced and weakened.- Edema.- Round face like the moon (moonface)- Disturbance psikimotor.
The hallmark of kwashiorkor is edema in the abdomen, legs and hands. The presence of kwashiorkor is closely related to serum albumin. In the kwashiorkor children are very different clinical picture. Weight loss is not too low, even by the presence of edema can be closed, so that the relative weight loss is not too much, but when treatment odema disappear, then the low weight will begin to manifest themselves. Usually weight loss is not until below 60% of standard weight for age appropriate.Characteristics:- Hair fine, rare, and dull reddish blond.- The skin looks dry (xerosis) and gives the impression of a rough surface with lines clear.- Areas of legs and elbows and buttocks are shown Hyperpigmentation of skin and skin can be peeled off in large sheets, leaving the base smooth shiny white.- The child's stomach bulge due to enlargement of the liver.- On microscopic examination there perlemkan liver cells.
2. Marasmus.Marasmus comes from a Greek word that means wasting damage. Marasmus is generally a disease in infants (12 months), were given additional food for being late. This can occur due to abrupt weaning, breast milk substitute formula is too thin and not hygienic or frequent infections. Marasmus affects long as quickly to the difficult mental and physical repair.Marasmus is starvation and disease there are many among lower socioeconomic groups in most developing countries and more than kwashiorkor.Symptoms:- Growth is inhibited.- Reduced fat under the skin.- The muscles is reduced and weakened.- Closely body more affected than the frame size, such as: length, head circumference and chest circumference.- Face like an old man (Oldman's face).
In patients with marasmus usually no enlargement of the liver (hepatomegalia) and levels of fat and cholesterol in the blood decreases. Body temperature is also lower than the temperature of a healthy child, and children lay in-active, no attention to her surroundings.
b. Due to Excess Protein.Excessive protein is not profitable body. High protein foods are usually high in fat so that it can lead to obesity. High protein diets are often recommended for weight loss is less reasonable. Excess can cause other problems, especially in infants. Amino acid excess burden of kidney and liver to metabolize and remove excess nitrogen.Excess protein will lead to acidosis, dehydration, diarrhea, increase in blood ammonia, increase in blood urea, and fever. This is seen in infants fed skim milk or formula with a high concentration, so that protein intake to 6 g / kg. The recommended limit for protein consumption is twice the nutritional adequacy angaka RDA) for protein.
2. Efforts.To overcome the shortage / excess protein, then the response can be done as follows:- Monitoring of nutritional status (PSG) community.- The provision of supplementary food (PMT).- Monitoring of iodized salt.- Provision of vitamin capsules. A- Provision of iron tablets.- Data collection KADARZI.
CHAPTER IVCLOSING
A. Conclusion.Of the papers above, it can be concluded that the protein peulis very important, especially for growth. Besides, protein is the main substance in helping the development of the child. Enough so that when the protein intake of children, the child will grow sehta, away from malnutrition and the absence of growth disorders.In addition, protein is the largest energy producer. In the presence of protein in the body, the body will still feel fresh. But that must be considered for the body's protein intake should be balanced, not too short and not bileh excess. Because the excess or deficiency of protein intake can cause disease, such as kwashiorkor, marasmus, and obesity.Therefore, it is expected that the reader, to be able to capitalize on what was presented in this paper, in order to improve nutritional status in society, so as to create a healthy society.
2. Advice.a. It is hoped the whole community to be able to ensure adequate intake of protein, that can grow with less healthy.b. That all mothers of children pay attention to nutrition, especially protein intake, so there was no longer malnutrition.c. To health workers to be able to conduct outreach to the community about nutrition, especially of proteins.d. Expected by society or even the reader want to come and promote the program on the eradication of malnutrition, to achieve a healthy Indonesia 2010.
REFERENCES
A. Almatsier, S. "Basic Principles of Nutrition". Publisher: PT. Scholastic Press. New York: 2006.2. Sediaoetama, Drs. Ahmad Djaeni. "Nutritional Sciences". Publisher: Dian Rakyat. New York: 2006.3. Moehdi, S. "Nutritional Sciences". Publisher: Papasinar Sinanti. New York: 2002.4. Kartasapoetra, Drs.G. "Nutritional Sciences". Publisher: Rineka Notices. New York: 2003.5. http / / www.google.com//gizi bad / / 2008.6. http / / www.google.co.id//journal of the protein. / / 2008